| Table of contents |
Contents | iii
CONTENTS
Page
TABLES AND FIGURES .................................................................................................................ix
FOREWORD............................................................................................................................... xix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................................. xxi
ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................................... xxiii
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS........................................................................................................ xxv
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS........................................................... xxxi
MAP OF RWANDA....................................................................................................................xxxii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Country Profile ......................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Geography .............................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Economy................................................................................................................2
1.1.3 Population .............................................................................................................3
1.1.4 Population Policy ...................................................................................................4
1.1.5 Public Health Policy...............................................................................................4
1.2 Objectives and Methodology of the Survey............................................................................4
1.2.1 Objectives of the Survey ........................................................................................5
1.2.2 Questionnaires.......................................................................................................5
1.2.3 Sample Design .......................................................................................................7
1.2.4 Sample Coverage ...................................................................................................7
1.2.5 Hemoglobin and HIV Testing .................................................................................8
1.2.6 Training and Data Collection..................................................................................9
1.2.7 Data Processing....................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 2 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Household Population By Age and Sex ................................................................................11
2.2 Household Size and Composition........................................................................................12
2.3 School Attendance and Educational Attainment...................................................................13
2.4 Living Conditions.................................................................................................................18
2.5 Birth Registration with Civil Authorities ................................................................................21
CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS
3.1 Background Characteristics of Respondents .........................................................................23
3.2 Educational Attainment........................................................................................................25
3.3 Literacy...............................................................................................................................27
3.4 Exposure to Mass Media ......................................................................................................28
3.5 Employment ........................................................................................................................31
CHAPTER 4 FERTILITY
4.1 Fertility Levels and Differentials ...........................................................................................38
4.2 Fertility Trends.....................................................................................................................41
4.3 Parity and Primary Infertility.................................................................................................44
4.4 Birth Intervals ......................................................................................................................46
4.5 Age at First Birth ..................................................................................................................48
4.6 Teenage Fertility ..................................................................................................................49
CHAPTER 5 FAMILY PLANNING
5.1 Knowledge of Contraception ...............................................................................................51
5.2 Use of Contraception...........................................................................................................52
5.2.1 Ever Use of Contraception ...................................................................................52
5.2.2 Current Use of Contraception ..............................................................................54
5.3 Number of Children at First Use of Contraception ...............................................................59
5.4 Knowledge of Fertile Period.................................................................................................59
5.5 Source of Contraception......................................................................................................60
5.6 Future Use of Contraception................................................................................................61
5.7 Exposure to Family Planning Messages.................................................................................64
5.8 Contact of Nonusers with Family Planning Providers............................................................51
5.9 Opinions and Attitudes of Couples toward Family Planning .................................................51
5.9.1 Discussion of Family Planning with Husband........................................................51
5.9.2 Attitudes of Couples toward Family Planning........................................................52
CHAPTER 6 OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY
6.1 Marital Status.......................................................................................................................71
6.2 Polygyny.............................................................................................................................72
6.3 Age at First Union................................................................................................................73
6.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse .............................................................................................76
6.4 Recent Sexual Activity..........................................................................................................78
6.6 Exposure to the Risk of Pregnancy .......................................................................................81
6.7 Menopause .........................................................................................................................82
CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES
7.1 Desire for (More) Children...................................................................................................85
7.2 Need for Family Planning Services .......................................................................................88
7.3 Ideal Number of Children....................................................................................................90
7.4 Fertility Planning Status ........................................................................................................92
CHAPTER 8 MOTHER AND CHILD HEALTH
8.1 Antenatal Care.....................................................................................................................95
8.2 Delivery Care ................................................................................................................... 100
8.3 Postnatal Care .................................................................................................................. 105
8.4 Vaccination of Children .................................................................................................... 106
8.5 Childhood Illnesses........................................................................................................... 109
8.5.1 Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) and Fever....................................................... 109
8.5.2 Diarrhea ........................................................................................................... 111
8.6 Problems in Accessing Health Care ................................................................................... 116
8.7 Tobacco Consumption...................................................................................................... 117
CHAPTER 9 MALARIA
9.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 119
9.2 Malaria Prevention ........................................................................................................... 121
9.2.1 Household Possession of Mosquito Nets .......................................................... 122
9.2.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Children .................................................................... 123
9.2.3 Use of Mosquito Nets by Women ..................................................................... 125
9.2.4 Intermittent Preventive Treatment during Pregnancy ......................................... 127
9.3 Treatment of Malaria in Children Under the Age of Five ................................................... 128
CHAPTER 10 BREASTFEEDING AND NUTRITION OF MOTHERS AND CHILDREN
10.1 Breastfeeding and Supplementation.................................................................................. 131
10.2 Micronutrient Intake And Anemia Prevalence................................................................... 137
10.3 Prevalence of Anemia Due to Iron Deficiency................................................................... 143
10.4 Nutritional Status of Children............................................................................................ 147
10.5 Nutritional Status of Women ............................................................................................ 154
CHAPTER 11 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
11.1 Definition, Methodology, and Data Quality ...................................................................... 157
11.2 Levels and Trends ............................................................................................................. 158
11.3 Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality ......................................................................... 160
11.4 Perinatal Mortality ............................................................................................................ 163
11.5 High-Risk Fertility Behavior............................................................................................... 165
CHAPTER 12 MATERNAL MORTALITY
12.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 167
12.2 Data Collection................................................................................................................. 167
12.3 Data Quality..................................................................................................................... 168
12.4 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality.................................................................................... 170
12.5 Direct Estimates of Maternal Mortality .............................................................................. 172
CHAPTER 13 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
13.1 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 175
13.2 Domestic Violence ........................................................................................................... 177
13.2.1 Physical Violence Since Age 15 ......................................................................... 177
13.2.2 Violence during Pregnancy................................................................................ 178
13.2.3 Marital Control Exercised by the Husband/Partner ............................................ 179
13.3 Spousal Violence .............................................................................................................. 181
13.3.1 Prevalence of Spousal Violence......................................................................... 181
13.3.2 Frequency of Recent Spousal Violence.............................................................. 183
13.3.3 Onset of Spousal Violence ................................................................................ 184
13.4 Consequences Of Violence And Help Seeking.................................................................. 185
13.5 Violence by Spousal Characteristics and Women’s Status Indicators.................................. 187
CHAPTER 14 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR
14.1 Knowledge, Opinions, And Attitudes ................................................................................ 192
14.1.1 Knowledge of HIV Transmission and Prevention Methods ................................. 192
14.1.2 Stigmatization ................................................................................................... 198
14.1.3 Opinions........................................................................................................... 200
14.2 Higher-Risk Sexual Intercourse and Condom Use ............................................................. 203
14.3 Testing and Counseling for HIV/AIDS................................................................................ 206
14.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)................................................................................ 209
14.5 Injections from a Health Worker....................................................................................... 211
14.6 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and Sexual Behavior among Youth ............................................. 214
CHAPTER 15 HIV PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS
15.1 HIV Testing Protocol......................................................................................................... 225
15.2 Coverage of HIV Testing ................................................................................................... 228
15.3 HIV Prevalence................................................................................................................. 231
15.3.1 HIV Prevalence Distribution According to Sociodemographic Variables............. 231
15.3.2 HIV Prevalence by Demographic Variables ....................................................... 233
15.3.3 HIV Prevalence by Sexual Behavior Characteristics............................................ 234
15.3.4 HIV Prevalence among Youth............................................................................ 236
15.3.5 HIV Prevalence and Other Risk Factors ............................................................. 238
15.3.6 HIV Prevalence and Male Circumcision ............................................................ 239
15.3.7 HIV Prevalence among Couples ........................................................................ 239
15.4 Sentinel Surveillance System and RDHS-III ....................................................................... 241
CHAPTER 16 ORPHANED AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN
16.1 Orphanhood and Children’s Living Arrangements............................................................. 243
16.2 Access to Essential Services ............................................................................................... 246
16.3 Strengthening Family Capacities to Support And Protect Children..................................... 247
16.3.1 Malnutrition...................................................................................................... 247
16.3.2 Early Sexual Intercourse .................................................................................... 248
16.3.3 Succession Planning .......................................................................................... 248
16.4 Protection of Vulnerable Children..................................................................................... 249
16.5 Care and Support ............................................................................................................. 250
16.5.1 Care and Support of the Chronically Ill.............................................................. 250
16.5.2 Care and Support of OVC................................................................................. 251
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................253
APPENDIX A SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION
A.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 257
A.2 Sample Frame .................................................................................................................. 257
A.3 Sample Selection .............................................................................................................. 258
A.4 Sampling Probability ......................................................................................................... 259
A.5 Survey Results................................................................................................................... 259
APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS.......................................................... 267
APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLES .............................................................................. 279
APPENDIX D RESULTS ACCORDING TO OLD PROVINCES ......................................... 285
APPENDIX E PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2005 RWANDA DEMOGRAPHIC
AND HEALTH SURVEY................................................................................. 323
APPENDIX F QUESTIONNAIRES....................................................................................... 327
TABLES AND FIGURES
Page
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Table 1.1 Results of the household and individual interviews.............................................. 8
CHAPTER 2 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
Table 2.1 Household population by age, sex, and residence............................................. 11
Table 2.2 Household composition.................................................................................... 13
Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment of household population: female.................................. 14
Table 2.3.2 Educational attainment of household population: male..................................... 15
Table 2.4 School attendance ratios ................................................................................... 16
Table 2.5 Housing characteristics...................................................................................... 19
Table 2.6 Household durable goods ................................................................................. 20
Table 2.7 Wealth quintiles................................................................................................ 21
Table 2.8 Birth registration of children under age five....................................................... 22
Figure 2.1 Population pyramid .......................................................................................... 12
Figure 2.2 Age-specific attendance rates ............................................................................ 18
CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS
Table 3.1 Age of respondents ........................................................................................... 23
Table 3.2 Background characteristics of respondents ........................................................ 24
Table 3.3.1 Educational attainment by background characteristics: women ......................... 25
Table 3.3.2 Educational attainment by background characteristics: men.............................. 26
Table 3.4.1 Literacy: women............................................................................................... 27
Table 3.4.2 Literacy: men.................................................................................................... 28
Table 3.5.1 Exposure to mass media: women...................................................................... 29
Table 3.5.2 Exposure to mass media: men........................................................................... 30
Table 3.6 Employment status............................................................................................ 32
Table 3.7.1 Occupation: women......................................................................................... 33
Table 3.7.2 Occupation: men ............................................................................................. 34
Table 3.8 Type of employment......................................................................................... 35
Table 3.9 Type of employer.............................................................................................. 36
CHAPTER 4 FERTILITY
Table 4.1 Current fertility ................................................................................................. 38
Table 4.2 Fertility by background characteristics ............................................................... 40
Table 4.3 Trends in fertility............................................................................................... 41
Table 4.4 Trends in age-specific fertility rates.................................................................... 42
Table 4.5.1 Children ever born and living : women............................................................. 44
Table 4.5.2 Children ever born and living : men.................................................................. 45
Table 4.6 Birth intervals.................................................................................................... 47
Table 4.7 Age at first birth ................................................................................................ 48
Table 4.8 Median age at first birth by background characteristics...................................... 49
Table 4.9 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood................................................................ 50
Figure 4.1 Age-Specific Fertility Rates, by Residence.......................................................... 39
Figure 4.2 Total Fertility Rate and Mean Number of Children Ever Born to Women
Age 40-49......................................................................................................... 40
Figure 4.3 Trends in Age-Specific Fertility Rates, Rwanda 1992, 2000, and 2005 .............. 42
Figure 4.4 Age-Specific Fertility Rates for Five-Year Periods Preceding the Survey .............. 43
Figure 4.5 Trends in the Total Fertility Rate among Women Age 15-34,
Rwanda 1992, 2000, and 2005 ........................................................................ 43
CHAPTER 5 FAMILY PLANNING
Table 5.1.1 Knowledge of contraceptive methods: women.................................................. 51
Table 5.1.2 Knowledge of contraceptive methods: men ...................................................... 52
Table 5.2 Ever use of contraception ................................................................................. 53
Table 5.3 Current use of contraception ............................................................................ 55
Table 5.4 Current use of contraception by background characteristics .............................. 58
Table 5.5 Number of children at first use of contraception ............................................... 59
Table 5.6 Knowledge of the fertile period......................................................................... 60
Table 5.7 Source of contraception.................................................................................... 61
Table 5.8 Future use of contraception .............................................................................. 62
Table 5.9 Reason for not intending to use contraception .................................................. 63
Table 5.10 Preferred method of contraception for future use.............................................. 64
Table 5.11.1 Exposure to family planning messages: women ................................................. 65
Table 5.11.2 Exposure to family planning messages: men...................................................... 66
Table 5.12 Contact of nonusers with family planning providers .......................................... 67
Table 5.13 Discussion of family planning with husband ...................................................... 68
Table 5.14 Attitudes towards family planning ..................................................................... 69
Figure 5.1 Contraceptive Use among Currently Married Women Age 15-49...................... 56
Figure 5.2 Trends in Use of Modern Methods among Currently Married Women .............. 57
CHAPTER 6 OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY
Table 6.1 Current marital status........................................................................................ 71
Table 6.2 Number of co-wives and wives ......................................................................... 73
Table 6.3 Age at first marriage .......................................................................................... 74
Table 6.4 Median age at first marriage.............................................................................. 75
Table 6.5 Age at first sexual intercourse:........................................................................... 76
Table 6.6 Median age at first sexual intercourse................................................................ 78
Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity: women.......................................................................... 79
Table 6.7.2 Recent sexual activity: men............................................................................... 80
Table 6.8 Postpartum amenorrhea, abstinence, and insusceptibility.................................. 81
Table 6.9 Median duration of postpartum insusceptibility by background characteristics .. 82
Table 6.10 Menopause....................................................................................................... 83
Figure 6.1 Percentage of Never-Married Women and Men, by Age ................................... 72
Figure 6.2 Median Age at First Marriage among Women and Men, by Background
Characteristics................................................................................................... 75
Figure 6.3 Median Age at First Intercourse and at First Union among Women 25-49,
by Background Characteristics .......................................................................... 77
CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES
Table 7.1 Fertility preferences by number of living children.............................................. 86
Table 7.2 Desire to limit childbearing ............................................................................... 88
Table 7.3 Need for family planning among currently married women............................... 89
Table 7.4 Ideal number of children .................................................................................. 91
Table 7.5 Mean ideal number of children......................................................................... 92
Table 7.6 Fertility planning status...................................................................................... 93
Table 7.7 Wanted fertility rates......................................................................................... 94
Figure 7.1 Proportion of Currently Married Women and Men Who Want No More
Children, by Number of Living Children............................................................ 87
CHAPTER 8 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH
Table 8.1 Antenatal care................................................................................................... 96
Table 8.2 Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit ...................................... 97
Table 8.3 Components of antenatal care .......................................................................... 98
Table 8.4 Tetanus toxoid injections ................................................................................ 100
Table 8.5 Place of delivery ............................................................................................. 101
Table 8.6 Assistance during delivery ............................................................................... 102
Table 8.7 Delivery characteristics ................................................................................... 104
Table 8.8 Postnatal care ................................................................................................. 106
Table 8.9 Vaccinations by source of information............................................................. 107
Table 8.10 Vaccinations by background characteristics ..................................................... 109
Table 8.11 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI and fever................................. 110
Table 8.12 Prevalence of diarrhea .................................................................................... 112
Table 8.13 Knowledge of ORS packets ............................................................................. 114
Table 8.14 Diarrhea treatment ......................................................................................... 115
Table 8.15 Feeding practices during diarrhea ................................................................... 116
Table 8.16 Problems in accessing health care ................................................................... 117
Table 8.17 Use of smoking tobacco.................................................................................. 118
Figure 8.1 Trends in Antenatal Care and Delivery, Rwanda 1992, 2000, and 2005 ........... 97
Figure 8.2 Children Whose Delivery Was Assisted by Trained Personnel ......................... 103
Figure 8.3 Trends in Vaccination Coverage among Children Age 12-23 Months,
Rwanda 1992, 2000, and 2005 ...................................................................... 108
Figure 8.4 Prevalence of ARI, Fever, and Diarrhea, by Age .............................................. 113
CHAPTER 9 MALARIA
Table 9.1 Household possession of mosquito nets .......................................................... 122
Table 9.2 Use of mosquito nets by children.................................................................... 124
Table 9.3 Use of mosquito nets by women..................................................................... 126
Table 9.4 Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment by women during pregnancy........... 127
Table 9.5 Use of SP/Fansidar by women during pregnancy ............................................. 128
Table 9.6 Prevalence and prompt treatment of children with fever ................................. 129
Table 9.7 Type and timing of antimalarial drugs taken by children with fever ................. 130
Figure 9.1 Household Ownership of Mosquito Nets ........................................................ 123
Figure 9.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Children Under Age 5, According to Province.......... 125
Figure 9.3 Pregnant Women Who Slept Under a Mosquito Net the Night Preceding
the Survey....................................................................................................... 126
CHAPTER 10 BREASTFEEDING AND NUTRITION OF MOTHERS AND CHILDREN
Table 10.1 Initial breastfeeding......................................................................................... 132
Table 10.2 Breastfeeding status by age ............................................................................. 134
Table 10.3 Median duration and frequency of breastfeeding ............................................ 136
Table 10.4 Foods consumed by children in the day or night preceding the interview........ 137
Table 10.5 Iodization of household salt ............................................................................ 138
Table 10.6 Micronutrient intake among children .............................................................. 140
Table 10.7 Micronutrient intake among mothers .............................................................. 142
Table 10.8 Prevalence of anemia in children .................................................................... 144
Table 10.9 Prevalence of anemia in women ..................................................................... 145
Table 10.10 Prevalence of anemia in children by anemia status of mother ......................... 146
Table 10.11 Prevalence of anemia in men.......................................................................... 147
Table 10.12 Nutritional status of children ........................................................................... 149
Table 10.13 Nutritional status of women ............................................................................ 156
Figure 10.1 Breastfeeding Practices Among Children Under Age 3 .................................... 135
Figure 10.2 Percentage of Children Under Age 5 Who Are Stunted .................................. 150
Figure 10.3 Percentage of Children Under Age 5 Who Are Wasted .................................. 152
Figure 10.4 Trends in malnutrition among Children under 5 Years), Rwanda 1992,
2000, and 2005.............................................................................................. 154
CHAPTER 11 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
Table 11.1 Early childhood mortality rates ........................................................................ 158
Table 11.2 Early childhood mortality rates by background characteristics.......................... 161
Table 11.3 Early childhood mortality rates by demographic characteristics........................ 162
Table 11.4 Perinatal mortality........................................................................................... 164
Table 11.5 High-risk fertility behavior ............................................................................... 166
Figure 11.1 Trends in Infant and Under-five Mortality, Rwanda 1992, 2000, and 2005..... 159
Figure 11.2 Trends in Infant and Under-five Mortality from the RDHS-I, RDHS-II,
and RDHS-III .................................................................................................. 160
Figure 11.3 Under-five Mortality by Mother’s Background Characteristics ......................... 161
Figure 11.4 Infant Mortality by Reproductive Behavior ...................................................... 163
CHAPTER 12 MATERNAL MORTALITY
Table 12.1 Data on siblings .............................................................................................. 168
Table 12.2 Indicators on data quality................................................................................ 169
Table 12.3 Estimates of age-specific female and male adult mortality................................ 170
Table 12.4 Maternal mortality .......................................................................................... 173
Figure 12.1 Female Mortality Rates for the Period 2000-2004 and Model Life Table
Rates, by Age Group ....................................................................................... 171
Figure 12.2 Male Mortality Rates for the Period 2000-2004 and Model Life Table
Rates, by Age Group ....................................................................................... 172
CHAPTER 13 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Table 13.1 Experience of beatings or physical mistreatment ............................................. 177
Table 13.2 Perpetrators of violence .................................................................................. 178
Table 13.3 Violence during pregnancy ............................................................................. 179
Table 13.4 Marital control exercised by husband.............................................................. 180
Table 13.5 Marital violence .............................................................................................. 182
Table 13.6 Frequency of spousal violence ........................................................................ 184
Table 13.7 Onset of spousal violence ............................................................................... 185
Table 13.8 Physical consequences of spousal violence...................................................... 186
Table 13.9 Help seeking................................................................................................... 187
Table 13.10 Spousal violence, women's status, and spousal characteristics.......................... 188
Figure 13.1 Percentage of Ever-Married Women who Have Ever Experienced
Specific Forms of Violence from Their Husbands ............................................ 183
Figure 13.2 Prevalence of Spousal Violence, by Level of Education of Woman
and Her Spouse and Alcohol Consumption of Spouse..................................... 189
CHAPTER 14 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR
Table 14.1 Knowledge of AIDS......................................................................................... 192
Table 14.2 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods........................................................... 193
Table 14.3.1 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS : women ........................................... 195
Table 14.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS : men................................................ 196
Table 14.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.................... 197
Table 14.5.1 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: women...................... 199
Table 14.5.2 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: men........................... 200
Table 14.6 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband..................... 201
Table 14.7 Adult support of education about condom use to prevent AIDS...................... 202
Table 14.8.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past
12 months: women ........................................................................................ 204
Table 14.8.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past
12 months: men ............................................................................................. 205
Table 14.9.1 Prior HIV testing and knowledge of results: women ........................................ 206
Table 14.9.2 Prior HIV testing and knowledge of results: men ............................................. 207
Table 14.10 Pregnant women counseled and tested for HIV............................................... 209
Table 14.11 Self-reported prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and STI
symptoms ....................................................................................................... 210
Table 14.12 Prevalence of injections .................................................................................. 212
Table 14.13 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS and of a source of condoms
among youth .................................................................................................. 214
Table 14.14 Age at first sexual intercourse among youth..................................................... 216
Table 14.15 Condom use at first sexual intercourse among youth....................................... 217
Table 14.16 Premarital sexual intercourse and condom use during premarital sexual
intercourse among youth ................................................................................ 218
Table 14.17 Higher-risk sexual intercourse among youth and condom use at last
higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months .................................................. 219
Table 14.18 Age-mixing in sexual relationships among women age 15-19 .......................... 221
Table 14.19 Drunkenness during sexual intercourse among youth...................................... 222
Table 14.20 Recent HIV tests among youth ........................................................................ 223
Figure 14.1 Perception and Beliefs about Abstinence and Faithfulness............................... 203
Figure 14.2 Women and Men Seeking Treatment for STIs ................................................. 211
Figure 14.3 Type of Facility where Received Last Medical Injection ................................... 213
Figure 14.4 Percentage whose Last Injection was Given with a Syringe and Needle
Taken from a New, Unopened Package.......................................................... 213
Figure 14.5 Trends in Age at First Sex, Rwanda 2000 and 2005......................................... 217
Figure 14.6 Abstinence, Being Faithful, and Condom Use (ABC) Among Young
Women and Men ........................................................................................... 220
CHAPTER 15 HIV PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS
Table 15.1 Coverage of HIV testing by residence and province......................................... 228
Table 15.2 Coverage of HIV testing by background characteristics .................................... 230
Table 15.3 HIV prevalence by age.................................................................................... 231
Table 15.4 HIV prevalence by background characteristics ................................................ 232
Table 15.5 HIV prevalence and confidence intervals ........................................................ 233
Table 15.6 HIV prevalence by sociodemographic characteristics ...................................... 234
Table 15.7 HIV prevalence by sexual behavior characteristics........................................... 235
Table 15.8 HIV prevalence among young people ............................................................. 237
Table 15.9 HIV prevalence by other characteristics........................................................... 238
Table 15.10 Prior HIV testing by HIV status ........................................................................ 239
Table 15.11 HIV prevalence by male circumcision ............................................................. 239
Table 15.12 HIV prevalence among couples....................................................................... 240
Figure 15.1 HIV Prevalence by Sex and Age ...................................................................... 231
CHAPTER 16 ORPHANED AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN
Table 16.1 Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood ............................................. 244
Table 16.2 Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) ......................................................... 245
Table 16.3 School attendance by survivorship of parents and by OVC status .................... 246
Table 16.4 Underweight orphans and vulnerable children................................................ 247
Table 16.5 Sexual intercourse before age 15 among orphans and vulnerable children ...... 248
Table 16.6 Succession planning........................................................................................ 249
Table 16.7 Widows dispossessed of property.................................................................... 250
Table 16.8 External support for chronically ill persons ...................................................... 251
Table 16.9 External support for orphans and vulnerable children...................................... 252
APPENDIX A SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION
Table A.1 Distribution of households and enumeration areas (EAs) by old
province and according to residence (RGPH, 2002)........................................ 257
Table A.2 Sample allocation by old province and according to residence........................ 258
Table A.3 Sample implementation: women .................................................................... 260
Table A.4 Sample implementation: men......................................................................... 261
Table A.5 Coverage of HIV testing among interviewed women by background
characteristics ................................................................................................. 262
Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing among interviewed men by background
characteristics ................................................................................................. 263
Table A.7 Coverage of HIV testing among women who ever had sex by risk status
variables ......................................................................................................... 264
Table A.8 Coverage of HIV testing among men who ever had sex by risk status
variables ......................................................................................................... 265
APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS
Table B.1 List of selected variables for sampling errors .................................................... 270
Table B.2 Sampling errors - National sample................................................................... 271
Table B.3 Sampling errors - Urban sample ...................................................................... 272
Table B.4 Sampling errors - Rural sample........................................................................ 273
Table B.5 Sampling errors – City of Kigali........................................................................ 274
Table B.6 Sampling errors – South Province.................................................................... 275
Table B.7 Sampling errors – West Province..................................................................... 276
Table B.8 Sampling errors – North Province.................................................................... 277
Table B.9 Sampling errors – East Province....................................................................... 278
APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLES
Table C.1 Household age distribution ............................................................................. 279
Table C.2.1 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women ........................................ 280
Table C.2.2 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men............................................. 280
Table C.3 Completeness of reporting .............................................................................. 281
Table C.4 Births by calendar years .................................................................................. 281
Table C.5 Reporting of age at death in days .................................................................... 282
Table C.6 Reporting of age at death in months................................................................ 283
APPENDIX D RESULTS ACCORDING TO OLD PROVINCES
Table D.2.3 Educational attainment of household population ............................................ 285
Table D.2.4 School attendance ratios ................................................................................. 286
Table D.2.7 Wealth quintiles.............................................................................................. 286
Table D.2.8 Birth registration of children under age five..................................................... 287
Table D.3.3 Educational attainment ................................................................................... 287
Table D.3.4 Literacy........................................................................................................... 288
Table D.3.5 Exposure to mass media.................................................................................. 288
Table D.3.6 Employment status.......................................................................................... 289
Table D.3.6 Occupation..................................................................................................... 289
Table D.4.2 Fertility by old province .................................................................................. 290
Table D.4.6 Birth Intervals.................................................................................................. 290
Table D.4.8 Median age at first birth .................................................................................. 290
Table D.4.9 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood.............................................................. 291
Table D.5.4 Current use of contraception by background characteristics ............................ 291
Table D.5.11 Exposure to family planning messages ............................................................. 292
Table D.6.2 Number of co-wives and wives ....................................................................... 292
Table D.6.4 Median age at first marriage............................................................................ 293
Table D.6.6 Median age at first sexual intercourse.............................................................. 293
Table D.6.7 Recent sexual activity...................................................................................... 294
Table D.6.9 Median duration of postpartum insusceptibility by background
characteristics ................................................................................................. 294
Table D.7.2 Desire to limit childbearing ............................................................................. 295
Table D.7.3 Need for family planning among currently married women............................. 295
Table D.7.5 Mean ideal number of children....................................................................... 295
Table D.7.7 Wanted fertility rates....................................................................................... 296
Table D.8.1 Antenatal care................................................................................................. 296
Table D.8.3 Components of antenatal care ........................................................................ 297
Table D.8.4 Tetanus toxoid injections ................................................................................ 297
Table D.8.5 Place of delivery ............................................................................................. 297
Table D.8.6 Assistance during delivery ............................................................................... 298
Table D.8.7 Delivery characteristics ................................................................................... 298
Table D.8.8 Postnatal care ................................................................................................. 299
Table D.8.10 Vaccinations ................................................................................................... 299
Table D.8.11 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI and fever................................. 300
Table D.8.12 Prevalence of diarrhea .................................................................................... 300
Table D.8.13 Knowledge of ORS packets ............................................................................. 300
Table D.8.14 Diarrhea treatment ......................................................................................... 301
Table D.8.16 Problems in accessing health care ................................................................... 301
Table D.9.1 Household possession of mosquito nets .......................................................... 302
Table D.9.2 Use of mosquito nets by children.................................................................... 302
Table D.9.3 Use of mosquito nets by women..................................................................... 303
Table D.9.4 Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment by women during pregnancy........... 303
Table D.9.6 Prevalence and prompt treatment of children with fever ................................. 304
Table D.9.7 Type and timing of antimalarial drugs taken by children with fever ................. 304
Table D.10.1 Initial breastfeeding......................................................................................... 304
Table D.10.3 Median duration and frequency of breastfeeding ............................................ 305
Table D.10.5 Iodization of household salt ............................................................................ 305
Table D.10.6 Micronutrient intake among children .............................................................. 305
Table D.10.7 Micronutrient intake among mothers .............................................................. 306
Table D.10.8 Prevalence of anemia in children .................................................................... 306
Table D.10.9 Prevalence of anemia in women ..................................................................... 307
Table D.10.11 Prevalence of anemia in men.......................................................................... 307
Table D.10.12 Nutritional status of children ........................................................................... 307
Table D.10.13 Nutritional status of women ............................................................................ 308
Table D.11.2 Early childhood mortality rates ........................................................................ 308
Table D.11.4 Perinatal mortality........................................................................................... 308
Table D.13.1 Experience of beatings or physical mistreatment ............................................. 309
Table D.13.3 Violence during pregnancy ............................................................................. 309
Table D.13.5 Marital violence .............................................................................................. 309
Table D.13.6 Frequency of spousal violence ........................................................................ 310
Table D.14.1 Knowledge of AIDS......................................................................................... 310
Table D.14.2 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods........................................................... 310
Table D.14.3 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS .......................................................... 311
Table D.14.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV .................... 311
Table D.14.5 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS.................................... 312
Table D.14.6 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband..................... 312
Table D.14.7 Adult support of education about condom use to prevent AIDS...................... 313
Table D.14.8 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past
12 months ...................................................................................................... 313
Table D.14.9 Coverage of prior HIV testing .......................................................................... 314
Table D.14.10 Pregnant women counseled and tested for HIV............................................... 314
Table D.14.11 Self-reported prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and
STI symptoms ................................................................................................. 315
Table D.14.12 Prevalence of injections .................................................................................. 315
Table D.14.13 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS and of a source of condoms
among youth .................................................................................................. 316
Table D.14.14 Age at first sexual intercourse among youth..................................................... 316
Table D.14.16 Premarital sexual intercourse and condom use during premarital sexual
intercourse among youth ................................................................................ 317
Table D.14.17 Higher-risk sexual intercourse among youth and condom use at last
higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months .................................................. 317
Table D.14.19 Drunkenness during sexual intercourse among youth...................................... 318
Table D.15.4 HIV prevalence............................................................................................... 318
Table D.15.8 HIV prevalence among young people ............................................................. 318
Table D.15.12 HIV prevalence among couples....................................................................... 319
Table D.16.1 Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood ............................................. 319
Table D.16.2 Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) ......................................................... 320
Table D.16.3 School attendance by survivorship of parents and by OVC status .................... 320
Table D.16.4 Underweight orphans and vulnerable children................................................ 321
Table D.16.6 Succession planning........................................................................................ 321
Table D.16.7 Widows dispossessed of property.................................................................... 321
Table D.16.8 External support for chronically ill persons ...................................................... 322
Table D.16.9 External support for orphans and vulnerable children...................................... 322 |
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