| Description |
During the survey, which took place from June 26 to November 30, 2000, a total of 10,421 women age 15-49 and 2,717 men age 15-59 were interviewed. The RDHS-II provides information on population and health that is significant at the national level, at the level of residence, and at the level of prefectures. RDHS-II data are comparable with those of similar surveys conducted in other developing countries and thus permit international comparisons to be made.
This survey was undertaken with funding from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA), and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Technical assistance was provided by the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program of ORC Macro, which is designed to collect, analyze, and disseminate demographic data on fertility, family planning and mortality, and maternal and child health. |
| Table of contents |
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
FIGURE 1: INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY, RWANDA COMPARED WITH OTHER SUB-SAHARAN COUNTRIES........................................................ 2
FIGURE 2: CONTRIBUTION OF UNDERNUTRITION TO UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY, RWANDA...................................................................................... 4
FIGURE 3: SURVIVAL AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN, RWANDA............................................................................................................. 6
MALNUTRITION IN RWANDA .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
FIGURE 4: MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS, RWANDA ...................................................................................................... 10
FIGURE 5: CHANGES IN UNDERNUTRITION RATES AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS, RWANDA 1992 AND 2000 ........................................ 12
FIGURE 6: STUNTING, WASTING, AND UNDERWEIGHT BY AGE, RWANDA ............................................................................................................. 14
FIGURE 7: UNDERNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS WHO DO NOT RESIDE WITH THEIR MOTHER, RWANDA........................... 16
FIGURE 8: UNDERWEIGHT AMONG CHILDREN UNDER THREE YEARS, RWANDA COMPARED WITH OTHER SUB-SAHARAN COUNTRIES............... 18
FIGURE 9: STUNTING AMONG CHILDREN UNDER THREE YEARS, RWANDA COMPARED WITH OTHER SUB-SAHARAN COUNTRIES....................... 20
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR NUTRITIONAL STATUS.................................................................................................. 22
IMMEDIATE INFLUENCES OF MALNUTRITION ....................................................................................................................... 25
FIGURE 10: USE OF IODIZED SALT AMONG HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS BY REGION, RWANDA ....................................... 26
FIGURE 11: NIGHT BLINDNESS AMONG MOTHERS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS, RWANDA .......................................................................... 28
FIGURE 12: VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION AMONG MOTHERS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS BY REGION, RWANDA .................................. 30
FIGURE 13: VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS BY REGION, RWANDA ........................................................ 32
FIGURE 14: IRON SUPPLEMENTATION AMONG MOTHERS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS, RWANDA ............................................................... 34
FIGURE 15: DIARRHEA AND COUGH WITH RAPID BREATHING AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS COMPARED WITH
MALNUTRITION RATES, RWANDA ....................................................................................................................................................... 36
UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL INFLUENCES OF MALNUTRITION................................................... 39
FIGURE 16: FERTILITY AND BIRTH INTERVALS, RWANDA COMPARED WITH OTHER SUB-SAHARAN COUNTRIES................................................. 40
FIGURE 17: UNDERNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN AGE 12-23 MONTHS BY MEASLES VACCINATION STATUS, RWANDA .................................... 42
FIGURE 18: MEASLES VACCINATION COVERAGE AMONG CHILDREN AGE 12-23 MONTHS, RWANDA COMPARED WITH OTHER
SUB-SAHARAN COUNTRIES.................................................................................................................................................................. 44
FIGURE 19: FEEDING PRACTICES FOR INFANTS UNDER SIX MONTHS, RWANDA..................................................................................................... 46
FIGURE 20: INFANTS UNDER FOUR MONTHS WHO ARE EXCLUSIVELY BREASTFED AND THOSE WHO RECEIVE A BOTTLE,
RWANDA COMPARED WITH OTHER SUB-SAHARAN COUNTRIES.......................................................................................................... 48
FIGURE 21: FEEDING PRACTICES FOR INFANTS AGE 6-9 MONTHS, RWANDA......................................................................................................... 50
FIGURE 22: INFANTS AGE 6-9 MONTHS RECEIVING SOLID FOODS IN ADDITION TO BREAST MILK, RWANDA COMPARED
WITH OTHER SUB-SAHARAN COUNTRIES ............................................................................................................................................ 52
FIGURE 23: CHILDREN 10-23 MONTHS WHO CONTINUE TO BE BREASTFED, RWANDA COMPARED WITH OTHER
SUB-SAHARAN COUNTRIES.................................................................................................................................................................. 54
UNDERLYING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCES OF MALNUTRITION................................................................... 57
FIGURE 24: STUNTING AND WASTING AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS BY MOTHER’S EDUCATION, RWANDA......................................... 58
FIGURE 25: STUNTING AND WASTING AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS BY SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER, RWANDA.............................. 60
FIGURE 26: STUNTING AND WASTING AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS BY TYPE OF TOILET, RWANDA..................................................... 62
BASIC INFLUENCES .......................................................................................................................................................................... 65
FIGURE 27: STUNTING AND WASTING AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS BY REGION, RWANDA.................................................................. 66
FIGURE 28: STUNTING AND WASTING AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS BY URBAN-RURAL RESIDENCE, RWANDA................................... 68
MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS............................................................................................................................................ 71
FIGURE 29: MALNUTRITION AMONG MOTHERS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS BY REGION, RWANDA ........................................................... 72
FIGURE 30: MALNUTRITION AMONG MOTHERS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS BY RESIDENCE, RWANDA...................................................... 74
FIGURE 31: MALNUTRITION AMONG MOTHERS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS BY EDUCATION, RWANDA..................................................... 76
FIGURE 32: MALNUTRITION AMONG MOTHERS OF CHILDREN UNDER THREE YEARS, RWANDA COMPARED WITH OTHER
SUB-SAHARAN COUNTRIES.................................................................................................................................................................. 78
APPENDICES........................................................................................................................................................................................ 81
APPENDIX 1 STUNTING, WASTING, AND UNDERWEIGHT RATES BY BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS RWANDA 2000 ....................................... 83
APPENDIX 2 WHO/CDC/NCHS INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE POPULATION COMPARED WITH THE DISTRIBUTION OF
MALNUTRITION IN RWANDA .............................................................................................................................................................. 84 |
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